By Trevor Norton

Abstract: In this essay, I provide a synthesis of the existing literature on state compliance within international organizations (IOs) and international agreements (IAs), with a specific focus on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). While empirical methods are not utilized, I explore multiple theories presented in the literature, including realist, constructivist, and managerial perspectives on compliance. I also investigate various factors that influence state behavior, such as treaty ambiguity, domestic pressures, and the presence of enforcement mechanisms. The relative success of the NPT in achieving non-proliferation objectives is underscored, alongside the challenges it encounters in terms of disarmament. Additionally, I emphasize the need for further research in underexplored areas, including leaders’ biases, global alliances, and responses to security threats. Ultimately, this abstract highlights the significance of understanding compliance in IOs/IAs and proposes avenues for future scholarly inquiry.